[25] It was decided that Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges were to be set up to allow his army to cross the Hellespont to Europe, and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos (rounding which headland, a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC). [155] The Allied position now undermined, Pausanias ordered a night-time retreat towards their original positions. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. B. When Xerxes was eventually persuaded that the Allies intended to contest the pass, he sent his troops to attack. [192] The events at Mycale reveal a similar story; Persian infantry committing themselves to a melee with hoplites, with disastrous results. Both sides thus sought a naval victory that might decisively alter the course of the war. The year is 481 B.C. In 492 BC was the first Persian invasion of Greece. The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars. [68] A later influential historian, J. [134] They would have to evacuate again in front of a second advance by Mardonius in June 479 BC. The figure of 240,000 is derived from 3,000. A congress of states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC, and a confederate alliance of Greek city-states was formed. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece. [26] However, the campaign was delayed one year because of another revolt in Egypt and Babylonia. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. [216][217][218] While this may be an exaggeration, it is clear that even at the time the Greeks understood that something very significant had happened. [192], Thus, the Persian failure may be seen partly as a result of two strategic mistakes that handed the Allies tactical advantages, and resulted in decisive defeats for the Persians. went to Europe. But this second invasion is the stuff of legend, and once again, the historical accounts come to us primarily from Herodotus, who was Greek, and who was not a direct observer of this. In a big league, which was lead against the major enemy of Greece: the Persians. Moreover, the threat of future invasion was abated; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again, over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished.[168]. With the Persians' naval superiority removed, Xerxes feared that the Greeks might sail to the Hellespont and destroy the pontoon bridges. Sparta and Athens had a leading role in the congress but interests of all the states played a part in determining defensive strategy. [153], When Mardonius heard that the Allied army was on the march, he retreated into Boeotia, near Plataea, trying to draw the Allies into open terrain where he could use his cavalry. Key terms and places. [116] Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Peloponnesian cities allied to Sparta, and other forces that were picked up en route to Thermopylae. [165] Their morale boosted, the Allied marines fought and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Mycale that same day, destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet. [150] The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the offer, but rejected it. [194] Themistocles now proposed what was in hindsight the strategic masterstroke in the Allied campaign; to lure the Persian fleet to battle in the straits of Salamis. in, The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, "Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies", https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529983, "VDH's Private Papers::History and the Movie "300, Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece&oldid=993344182, CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Episode 20: The Battle of Thermopylae. In June 480 BC Persian army and navy started from the Thessaloniki Gulf through Thessaly to the south. "The size of the army of Xerxes in the invasion of Greece 480 BC". [181] Some of the contingents may have been armed somewhat differently;[181] for instance, the Saka were renowned axemen. Animals had been bought and fattened, while the local populations had, for several months, been ordered to grind the grains into flour. [184][191] At Plataea, the harassing of the Allied positions by cavalry was a successful tactic, forcing the precipitous (and nearly disastrous) retreat; however, Mardonius then brought about a general melee between the infantry, which resulted in the Persian defeat. [128], Victory at Thermopylae meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes; the two cities that had resisted him, Thespiae and Plataea, were captured and razed. [87] Diodorus [88] and Lysias[89] independently claim there were 1,200 at Doriskos. [107][108] However, the Argives had been severely weakened in 494 BC, when a Spartan-force led by Cleomenes I had annihilated the Argive army in Battle of Sepeia and then massacred the fugitives.[108]. In the generation before 522, the Persian kings Cyrus II and Cambyses II extended their rule from the Indus River valley to the Aegean Sea. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. Over the winter, there seems to have been some tension between the Allies. ... who initially advises Xerxes against the invasion of Greece. The Battle of Mycale was one of the two major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars. "Thoughts on the Reliability of Classical Writers, with Especial Reference to the Size of the Army of Xerxes". Aleuadae. The Persian Invasion Of Greece 3806 Words | 16 Pages. Athens, along with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if not. No signup or install needed. The Allied fleet had also withstood two days of Persian attacks at the Battle of Artemisium, but when news reached them of the disaster at Thermopylae, they withdrew to Salamis. In many ways Mycale represents the start of a new phase of the conflict, the Greek counterattack. The Persians first attempt at invading Greece had been defeated at the Bay of Marathon. [150] Athens was thus evacuated again, and the Persians marched south and re-took possession of it. [157] The outcome prompted the Allies to move to a position nearer the Persian camp, still on high ground. [200][201][202] The Greeks, by comparison, were fragmented, with only 30 or so city-states actively opposing the Persian invasion; even those were prone to quarrel with each other. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well. [35] Other ancient sources give similarly large numbers. When the other Allies failed to commit to this, the Athenian fleet probably refused to join the Allied navy in the spring. [179], The phalanx was vulnerable to being outflanked by cavalry, if caught on the wrong terrain, however. [26] These were both feats of exceptional ambition, which would have been beyond any contemporary state. [187] It is therefore slightly surprising that the Persians did not bring any hoplites from the Greek regions, especially Ionia, under their control in Asia. The Greeks would now move to the offensive, eventually expelling the Persians from Europe, the Aegean islands and Ionia before the war finally came to an end in 479 BC. Five major food depots had been set up along the path: at White Headland on the Thracian side of the Hellespont, at Tyrodiza in Perinthian territory, at Doriskos at the Evros river estuary where the Asian army was linked up with the Balkan allies, at Eion on the Strymon river, and at Therme, modern-day Thessaloniki. The Persians ten years later would launch the second invasion under the new king Xerxes. [117], When the Persians arrived at Thermopylae in mid-August, they initially waited for three days for the Allies to disperse. What does contingent mean in real estate? [194] The whole Allied campaign for 480 BC can be seen in this context. The Achaemenid destruction of Athens was accomplished by the Achaemenid Army of Xerxes I during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, and occurred in two phases over a period of two years, in 480-479 BCE. A powerful and pro-Persia family in Thessaly. [194] The Allied performance at Thermopylae was initially effective; however, the failure to properly guard the path that outflanked Thermopylae undermined their strategy, and led to defeat. [209][210] This essentially reduced the conflict to a naval one. The term "Asian" is Herodotus' but under that term he also includes Arabians and north Africans. [100] Support thus began to coalesce around these two states. Even after Athens fell to the advancing Persian army, the Allied fleet still remained off the coast of Salamis, trying to lure the Persian fleet to battle. In 477–455 BC, according to Thucydides, the allies campaigned against the city of Eion, at the mouth of the Strymon river. [142], According to Herodotus, after this loss Xerxes attempted to build a causeway across the straits to attack Salamis (although Strabo and Ctesias place this attempt before the battle). Aleuadae. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I’s attempts to subjugate Greece. [181] The foremost of the infantry were the royal guards, the Immortals, although they were still armed in the aforementioned style. The number of 1,207 (for the outset only) is also given by Ephorus,[90] while his teacher Isocrates claims there were 1,300 at Doriskos and 1,200 at Salamis. "[5], Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. He then headed north across the Danube and attacked the Scythians (that is how the Greeks called the tribes north of the Danube, the Black and the Caspian Sea to the north and east). [155] This went awry, leaving the Athenians, and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills, with the other contingents scattered further away, near Plataea itself. The Athenian general Themistocles succeeded in luring the Persian navy into the narrow Straits of Salamis, where the huge number of Persian ships became disorganised, and were soundly beaten by the Allied fleet. Herodotus claimed that there were, in total, 2.5 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, e.g. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. By the time of the Second Invasion King … Different-sized allied forces thus appeared throughout the campaign. [181][182] The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops, who may have worn a corslet of scaled armour. Both sides won impressive battles, but the Greco-Macedonians ultimately triumphed. Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march. Although this led to the subjugation of Cyclades. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. The main source for the Great Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus. Atossa. [42] Herodotus gives a detailed breakdown of the Persian triremes by nationality:[86], Herodotus also records that this was the number at the Battle of Salamis, despite the losses earlier in storms off Sepia and Euboea, and at the battle of Artemisium. King Xerxes had brought his huge army and navy… from the mountainous lands of Greece, modern day historians have been granted the ability to piece together the multitude of events that supposedly transpired during the years 480 and 479 BC between the Persian empire and the city-states of the classical Greece (Herodotus). The Persian Empire was still relatively young, and prone to revolts among its subject peoples. This is one of the most significant events in all of classical history. [166] As soon as the Peloponnesians had marched north of the isthmus, the Athenian fleet under Xanthippus had joined up with the rest of the Allied fleet. He crossed the Bosporus and invaded Thrace. [36], An early and very influential modern historian, George Grote, set the tone by expressing incredulity at the numbers given by Herodotus: "To admit this overwhelming total, or anything near to it, is obviously impossible. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. Artabanus. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece is the military expedition when the Persians, led by Xerxes, crossed from Europe into Greece and fought the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. [150] Similarly, Mardonius remained in Thessaly, knowing an attack on the isthmus was pointless, while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponessus. [181][193], At the beginning of the invasion, it is clear that the Persians held most advantages. [194] After Salamis, the Persian strategy changed. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BCE, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. [111] A force of 10,000 Allies led by the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles was thus despatched to the pass. [193] However, as simple as the Greek tactics were, they played to their strengths; the Persians however, may have seriously underestimated the strength of the hoplite, and their failure to adapt to facing the Allied infantry contributed to the eventual Persian defeat. [172] Eion was one of the Achaemenid garrisons left in Thrace during and after the second Persian invasion, along with Doriskos. The Persians were successful at invading but never conquered Greece. [70] Maurice suggested in the region of 200,000 men and 70,000 animals could have been supported by the rivers in that region of Greece. They demanded an Allied army march north the following year. [105][106] Not all Thebans agreed with this policy, and 400 "loyalist" hoplites joined the Allied force at Thermopylae (at least according to one possible interpretation). [180] The hoplite's heavy armour and long spears made them excellent troops in hand-to-hand combat[175] and gave them significant protection against ranged attacks by light troops and skirmishers. [27], In 481 BC, after roughly four years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster the troops for the invasion of Europe. At the ensuing Battle of Plataea, the Greek infantry again proved its superiority, inflicting a severe defeat on the Persians and killing Mardonius in the process. Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece. https://www.answers.com/Q/Who_won_the_Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece During the Greco-Persian Wars, significant battles include the Battle of Marathon, where a decisive Athenian victory was won and the First Persian invasion of Greece (492-490 BCE) was beaten back. [199] Furthermore, the Persians excelled in the use of intelligence and diplomacy in warfare, as shown by their (nearly successful) attempts to divide-and-conquer the Greeks. He crossed the Bosporus and invaded Thrace. Page 2 of 3 - About 22 Essays Alexander The Great: The Importance Of Alexander The Great. In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the isthmus, but whose fleet were the key to the security of the Peloponnesus, felt hard done by. [22] Finally, it moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of Marathon, where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. The Persian Empire was still relatively young, and prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. [215] Ultimately, the Allies succeeded because they avoided catastrophic defeats,[194] stuck to their alliance,[192] took advantage of Persian mistakes,[192] and because in the hoplite they possessed an advantage (perhaps their only real advantage at the start of the conflict), which, at Plataea, allowed them to destroy the Persian invasion force. [137][138] Such an outflanking of the isthmus required the use of the Persian navy, and thus the neutralisation of the Allied navy. He is also notable in Western history for his failed invasion of Greece in 480 BC. In any case this project was soon abandoned. The 47th ethnic group is missing from Herodotus's text. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece. She plays a prominent role in Aeschylus' The Persians. After three days resisting the much larger Persian army of Xerxes I, Greek forces were betrayed by Ephialtes and sent into retreat by their leader, Leonidas, who died during a final stand. It took place on or about August 27, 479 BC on the slopes of Mount Mycale, on the coast of Ionia, opposite the island of Samos. [109] The Persian army took roughly three months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme, a journey of about 600 km (360 mi). [166], With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale, the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. [175], The second Persian invasion of Greece was an event of major significance in European history. [170] The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos, still held by the Persians. [26][197][198] The Persian generals had significant experience of warfare over the 80 years in which the Persian empire had been established. Who won the Second Persian invasion of Greece. All of the Greek city-states that were not already under Persian domination sent representatives to this meeting. [129] The Peloponnesian Allies began to prepare a defensive line across the Isthmus of Corinth, building a wall, and demolishing the road from Megara, thereby abandoning Athens to the Persians. [94][95][96] Other recent works on the Persian Wars reject this number—1,207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the Iliad—and generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean.[96][97][98]. [205] As Lazenby therefore asks: "So why did the Persians fail?"[194]. The poet Simonides, who was a near-contemporary, talks of four million; Ctesias gave 800,000 as the total number of the army that assembled in Doriskos. The Allies evidently tried to play on the Persian fears about the reliability of the Ionians in Persian service;[188][189] but, as far as we can tell, both the Ionians and Egyptians performed particularly well for the Persian navy. [14] The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire, and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved (especially those not already part of the empire). The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. [15] Darius then died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. [12] The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, Ctesias, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright Aeschylus. [16][17] Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece. [160][164], On the afternoon of the Battle of Plataea, Herodotus tells us that rumour of the Allied victory reached the Allied navy, at that time off the coast of Mount Mycale in Ionia. [176] The hoplite was, by the standards of the time, heavily armoured, with linothorax or a breastplate (originally bronze, but probably by this stage made of organic materials such as linen (possibly linothroax) and leather, greaves, a full helmet, and a large round shield (the aspis). [81][82] Other proponents of larger numbers suggest figures from 250,000 to 700,000. After initial Persian victories, the Persians were eventually defeated, both at sea and on land. The navy, now under the command of the Spartan king Leotychides, thus skulked off Delos, while the remnants of t… This dual strategy was adopted by the congress. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? [14][15] Moreover, Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. [194] Beyond this, the Allies seem to have realised that given the Persians' overwhelming numbers, they had little chance in open battle, and thus they opted to try to defend geographical bottle-necks, where the Persian numbers would count for less. [194] The Allied strategy for 479 BC was something of a mess; the Peloponnesians only agreed to march north in order to save the alliance, and it appears that the Allied leadership had little idea how to force a battle that they could win. How many candles are on a Hanukkah menorah? [91][92] Ctesias gives another number, 1,000 ships,[36] while Plato, speaking in general terms refers to 1,000 ships and more. At the famous Battle of Thermopylae, the Allied army held back the Persian army for three days, before they were outflanked by a mountain path and the Allied rearguard was trapped and annihilated. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. [37], Herodotus tells us that the army and navy, while moving through Thrace, was halted at Doriskos for an inspection by Xerxes, and he recounts the numbers of troops found to be present:[38], Herodotus doubles this number to account for support personnel and thus he reports that the whole army numbered 5,283,220 men. [25], Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, it required long-term planning, stock-piling and conscription. Furthermore, to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the allied navy could block the straits of Artemisium. Persian emperor Darius I 513 BC. [105] Thebes was a major absentee, and was suspected of being willing to aid the Persians once the invasion force arrived. [154] The Allied army however, under the command of the Spartan regent Pausanias, stayed on high ground above Plataea to protect themselves against such tactics. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece is the military expedition when the Persians, led by Xerxes, crossed from Europe into Greece and fought the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. Key people and places. The Persian Wars: The Battles Of The Invasion Of Greece. Land forces: 80,000[1]–100,000 soldiers or less (modern estimates), Sea forces: 600[1]–1200 ships (modern estimates). During the Greco-Persian Wars, significant battles include the Battle of Marathon, where a decisive Athenian victory was won and the First Persian invasion of Greece (492-490 BCE) was beaten back. Ancient theatre of Epidaurus (24th -26th July 2020). [194] It was the botched attempt to retreat from Plataea that finally delivered the Allies battle on their terms. The Athenians and Spartans led the Greek resistance. [9] However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. [23], Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his Egyptian subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition. [135][138] In summary, if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season. King Xerxes had brought his … [192] Mardonius may have been overeager for victory; there was no need to attack the Allies, and by doing so he played to the main Allied tactical strength, combat in the melee. STUDY. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. [7] Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "Philobarbaros" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. The Persian Invasion Of Greece 3806 Words | 16 Pages. … The defence of the Isthmus of Corinth by the Allies changed the nature of the war. [131] The small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the Acropolis were eventually defeated, and Xerxes then ordered Athens to be torched. The League Congress broke up, only to reassemble in BC 480 on the eve of the Persian invasion. The Second Persian Invasion of Greece took place about 10 years after the first invasion where the Persian Kin Darius suffered from an embarrassing defeat at the hands of the Athenians (Greeks from the city of Athens). He claims that the losses were replenished with reinforcements, though he only records 120 triremes from the Greeks of Thrace and an unspecified number of ships from the Greek islands. [131], According to Herodotus a Persian general known as Artabazus escorted Xerxes to the Hellespont with 60,000 men; as he neared Pallene on the return journey to Thessaly: "he thought it right that he should enslave the people of Potidaea, whom he found in revolt.". The year is 481 B.C. [194] After they realised that they could not defend this position, they chose the next-most northerly position, the Thermopylae/Artemisium axis. [175] Hoplites fought in the phalanx formation; the exact details are not completely clear, but it was a close-knit formation, presenting a uniform front of overlapping shields, and spears, to the enemy. On the same day, across the Aegean Sea an Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale. The major lesson of the invasion, reaffirming the events at the Battle of Marathon, was the superiority of the hoplite in close-quarters fighting over the more-lightly armed Persian infantry. and speedy action must be taken. The Persian king Darius first attacked Greece in 490 BC, but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon by a mainly Athenian force. [30] Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges. The Greek history was a series of battles fought between the Greece and Persia from 499 BC to 479 BC. [143] According to Herodotus, Mardonius volunteered to remain in Greece and complete the conquest with a hand-picked group of troops, while advising Xerxes to retreat to Asia with the bulk of the army. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. ] independently claim there were, in Thrace during and after the siege Sestos! There were Greek and Egyptian contingents in the congress but interests of all time [ 173 ] Acropolis. Sail to the Athenian refugees on Salamis of support personnel the third day, however according. [ 210 ] this may have played a part in determining defensive strategy which besieged. That Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia there were, in total, million... Had to go through the gorge of Thermopylae over the preceding centuries navy at the Bay of Marathon took at... 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